Angola’s capital Luanda retained the unenviable title of the world’s most expensive city for expatriates, narrowly edging out Tokyo, according to a survey published yesterday.

At the other end of the scale, the Mercer group’s study named the Pakistani port Karachi as the least expensive city, with living around three times cheaper than in Luanda.

Oil-rich Angola is a magnet for foreign workers who push up already high prices inflated by a reliance on imports.