An independent inquiry into alleged sex abuse of minors by French Catholic priests, deacons and other clergy has found some 216,000 victims of paedophilia from 1950 to 2020, a "massive phenomenon" that was covered up for decades by a "veil of silence".
The landmark report, released Tuesday after two-and-a-half years of investigations, follows widespread outrage over a string of paedophilia claims and prosecutions against Church officials worldwide.
When lay members of the Church such as teachers at Catholic schools are included, the number of child abuse victims climbs to 330,000 over the seven-decade period.
"Until the early 2000s the Catholic Church showed a profound and even cruel indifference towards the victims," the president of the investigative committee, Jean-Marc Sauve, said at a press conference.
He denounced the "systemic character" of efforts to shield clergy from paedophilia claims.
The report, at nearly 2,500 pages, found that the "vast majority" of victims were pre-adolescent boys from a wide variety of social backgrounds.
"The Catholic Church is, after the circle of family and friends, the environment that has the highest prevalence of sexual violence," the report said.
Awful truth: Child sex abuse in the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church has been repeatedly rocked by child sex abuse scandals over the last three decades.
An independent inquiry on Tuesday found there were 216,000 victims of French clergy between 1950 and 2020.
It is the latest in a series of landmark reports and investigations that have helped lift the "veil of silence" around the crimes.
Australia
After a series of scandals, Australia's government set up a Royal Commission, a top-level inquiry into institutional child sex abuse.
The commission said in February 2017 that most of the abuse took place in churches, with 7% of Catholic priests accused of abusing children in Australia between 1950 and 2010. It said allegations were almost never investigated.
It found that 4,444 alleged incidents of child sex abuse had been reported to Church authorities. In some dioceses, more than 15% of priests were perpetrators.
The commission also heard testimony from the Vatican's former finance chief Cardinal George Pell, who was found guilty in 2018 of sexually abusing choirboys in Melbourne in the 1990s.
Pell - who had been Pope Francis' anti-corruption tsar - was released from prison in 2020 after a court quashed his conviction.
Germany
In June, Pope Francis rejected an offer by top German bishop Reinhard Marx to resign over the Church's "institutional and systemic failure" in handling child sex abuse in the western city of Cologne.
It revealed that 314 minors, mostly boys under the age of 14, were sexually abused there between 1975 and 2018.
A German Bishops' Conference study in 2018 had previously revealed widespread sexual abuse by German clergy.
It found that 1,670 clergymen had committed some type of sexual attack against 3,677 minors, mostly boys under 13, between 1946 and 2014, while saying this was almost certainly an underestimate.
Most perpetrators have not been punished and the Church grants compensation on a case by case basis, without transparency.
United States
In 2002, the Boston Globe revealed the massive scale of sex abuse on children in the Boston diocese and efforts by the Catholic hierarchy to cover it up. The paper's investigation was the subject of the Oscar-winning film "Spotlight".
In 2004, a Church commission published a report requiring clergy to report suspicions of sexual assault.
According to lawyers, more than 11,000 complaints have been lodged in the US by victims of priests. Dioceses have paid out hundreds of millions of dollars in out of court settlements.
Victims associations say that these payouts allow the church to escape justice.
A grand jury investigation into Pennsylvania dioceses in 2018 exposed the systematic cover-up by the Church of abuse by "over 300 predator priests". More than 1,000 child victims were cited.
Cardinal Donald Wuerl, accused of a cover-up, resigned.
In 2019, Pope Francis defrocked former American cardinal Theodore McCarrick in a first for the Church.
Several dioceses have since opened their archives, revealing that hundreds of priests had been suspected of abusing minors.
Ireland
Accusations of large scale sex crimes in Ireland's Catholic institutions go back decades, with the number of underage victims estimated at nearly 15,000 between 1970 and 1990 alone. Several bishops and priests accused of covering up abuse have been punished.
The official Ryan Commission report in 2009 found widespread abuse of children in Catholic-run institutions between the 1930s and the 1970s.
It said Church-run orphanages and industrial schools were places of fear, neglect and endemic sexual abuse.
The 2009 Murphy report into the Dublin archdiocese said that between 1975 and 2004 the Church had "obsessively" concealed abuse. And after another highly critical report in 2011, into the Cloyne diocese the Vatican recalled its ambassador after the then Irish premier accused it of obstructing investigations into sex abuse by priests.