Last week was a volatile one for various asset classes (bonds, shares and also currencies) following publication of fresh economic data in the US and the monetary policy meeting of the European Central Bank (ECB).
Investors are closely monitoring upcoming moves by the world’s major central bank on the back of a considerable reduction in inflation across various economies. The expectation of lower interest rates had led to a sharp boost to equity markets during the fourth quarter of 2023 and also a rally across bond markets.
Last week, it was reported that inflation in the US had edged up to 3.5% in March 2024 from 3.2% the previous month, marking the third increase in inflation readings in succession and reducing hopes that the world’s largest economy will begin cutting interest rates as early as June 2024.
The higher-than-expected inflation readings (the most important data releases to determine the course of US interest rates) also prompted a number of market observers to change their expectations on the number of interest rates cuts by the US Federal Reserve. Many now expect the Federal Reserve to lower the range of its federal funds rate either once or twice this year from the current 23-year high of 5.25% to 5.5% compared to expectations of as many as six rate reductions at the beginning of the year. One prominent investment bank also opined that there will be no rate cuts in 2024.
The change in expectations for interest rate cuts in the US is not only as a result of the recent upturn in inflation figures but also due to the data showing the continued resilience of the US economy.
Lagarde indicated that monetary policy easing would be appropriate at the next meeting on June 6 as long as updated estimates reflected an improving inflation outlook
Meanwhile, at its scheduled monetary policy meeting held last Thursday, the ECB kept its monetary policy unchanged, with the key deposit rate remaining at a record high of 4% for the fifth meeting in a row.
However, the ECB’s accompanying statement and comments by ECB President Christine Lagarde indicated that monetary policy easing would be appropriate at the next meeting on June 6 as long as updated estimates reflected an improving inflation outlook.
The ECB stated “it would be appropriate to reduce the current level of monetary policy restriction” if inflation continues to move toward its 2% target. Inflation has been falling steadily throughout Europe for the past 18 months, coming down to 2.4% from a peak of 10.6%.
Lagarde acknowledged that a “very, very large majority” of members of the ECB Governing Council had wanted to wait for the publication of new economic figures to be released in the run-up to its next meeting in June before deciding whether to cut interest rates. She explained that a cut would happen only if this data reinforced the conviction that price pressures were receding.
Meanwhile, Lagarde also said that a few members of the ECB Governing Council wanted to proceed with an immediate cut at last week’s meeting. This also indicates that some policymakers want a faster pace of easing in the months ahead.
The ECB forecast published last month had already projected that inflation will average 2% next year. However, the ECB is now awaiting its fresh economic forecasts before enacting a first rate cut. A lower inflation projection for 2025 would strengthen the case for a faster pace of cuts after the initial reduction widely expected to take place in June 2024.
While most economists now expect a decline in interest rates by the ECB of 25 basis points to 3.75%, there are different views on the amount of additional cuts that could take place by the end of the year, totalling either 75 basis points or 100 basis points to 3%.
Interestingly, Lagarde also pushed back against the idea that the ECB was not prepared to cut rates unless the Federal Reserve did so too. She remarked “we are data-dependent, not Fed-dependent”.
Essentially, inflation is falling faster than forecast in Europe while exceeding expectations in the US, prompting investors to predict that the ECB could cut interest rates earlier than the Federal Reserve.
After the release of the inflation readings in the US last week, yields on two-year US Treasuries rose by 20 basis points to a five-month high of 4.96%, and the yield on 10-year US Treasuries gained 15 basis points to 4.5% (the highest level since November 2023).
Bond yields in the eurozone also rose in the aftermath of the US inflation readings, before ending the week lower following the news on Friday that inflation in Germany eased in March to 2.3% (its lowest level since June 2021), thereby providing further evidence that eurozone price pressures are abating, and increasing the pressure on the ECB to start cutting interest rates.
As the ECB looks set to cut interest rates before the Federal Reserve, this naturally had an impact on the foreign exchange markets, with the euro this year weakening to its lowest level against the USD of USD1.0622. One potential concern for the ECB regarding the extent of rate cuts is its impact on the euro as a continued weakening in the currency could raise imported goods inflation.
The weekend events in the Middle East could add to the reasons for the Federal Reserve to adopt a more cautious approach to rate cuts, although the heightened geo-political concerns may not prevent it from cutting altogether. Meanwhile, unless energy prices shoot much higher over the next month complicating efforts to bring inflation back to target, the ECB will very likely proceed with its first rate reduction in June.
Interest rate decisions by the major central banks, together with ongoing geopolitical developments, will continue to impact the performance of various asset classes in the weeks and months ahead.
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